The Congress of the Working People, the draft of which was approved by the RNM of the Ukrainian People’s Republic on January 3, 1919.

They demonstrate qualities that Ukrainian politicians lack so much.

Some scholars argue that the influx of leaders who grew up abroad is due to the fact that the national elite in the Baltic States is weak. Well, this thesis should not be rejected at all, but, obviously, society’s desire for something other than Soviet worked here …

The history of Latvia (as well as the history of Lithuania) has its symbols of statehood – the figures of “pre-occupation” presidents. These are Janis Chaste, Gustav Zemgals, Albert Quiesis, Carlis Ulmanis. The country’s first post-Soviet president was Guntis Ulmanis (1993-1999).

On June 17, 1999, the Seimas of the Republic of Latvia elects Vaira Vike-Freiberga as President. In 2003, she was re-elected.

Weir Vike-Freiberg by nature is a classic representative of a powerful public figure. Active participation in many social and scientific processes, which had a humanitarian orientation, indicates a high degree of sociability of this person. Prior to her election as President, Weir Vike-Freiberg was President (1998-1999) and Board Member (1994-1998) of the French Language Academy of the Humanities Institute of the Canadian Academy of Sciences; Vice President (1984-1989) and Member (1980-1983) of the Scientific Council of Canada; was invited by the Brazilian Parliament to participate in the work of the Commission for the Reform of the Constitution (1989); member of the Advisory Committee of the Government of Canada (1990-1991, 1995-1996); President (1984-1986) and Member of the Board (1982-1988) of the Baltic Studies Support Association.

Its high social activity is confirmed by a number of awards and scholarships won before 1999. It should be noted that the career and milestones of the current president of Latvia took place in Canada. Therefore, it is clear that for Lithuanian society it is a symbol of Western culture, its political temperament and methods of activity are close to the Western model. At the same time, W. Vike-Freiberg preserved her national identity. And for Latvia it is not enough that the first person of the state was the effective manager – it is important that it was also a national symbol. The humanities, the scientist, the head of scientific projects, most likely, will considerably differ from the representative of business, oligarchic clans both in behavior, and a way of thinking.

09.03.2011

Volodymyr Musiyovych Chekhivsky is the head of the UPR government. Abstract

Volodymyr Musiyovych Chekhivsky – Ukrainian politician and public figure, Prime Minister of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (headed the government: December 1918 – February 1919)

He was born on July 19, 1876 in the village of Gorokhuvatka, Kyiv district, Kyiv province, now Kagarlyk district, Kyiv region, in the family of a priest (the father put a lot of effort into forming national consciousness in his children). He first studied at the seminary, in 1900 he graduated from the Kiev Theological Academy, later passed the exam for a high school teacher at the university and received a master’s degree for scientific work in history. From 1901 to 1905 he was an assistant inspector of the Kamyanets-Podilsky Theological Seminary, then he was mainly engaged in pedagogical activities.

He joined politics in 1897 as a member of the student group of Ukrainian Social Democrats-Drahomanivtsi. In 1902–1904 he was a member of the RUP, with the formation of the USDRP he was an active member until January 1919. He paid much attention to the creation of self-education groups among young people in Kamianets-Podilskyi (now Khmelnytsky region ), and later in paramedics and art. and other schools in Kyiv.

In 1905 he was transferred to Cherkasy for his revolutionary activities, where he organized a USDRP group. In 1906 he was elected to the 1st State Duma of Russia, after the dissolution of which he was exiled in the Vologda province for his participation in the Ukrainian national movement. In 1907 V. Chekhov managed to return to Kyiv, where he lived at the expense of private lectures. From 1908 he settled in Odessa and immediately immersed himself in the socio-political life of the city. Working in gymnasiums, commercial and technical schools, he spent most of his time working in the Ukrainian community of Odessa, worked in Prosvita, edited the newspaper Ukrainske Slovo, and founded the Ukrainian Teachers’ Union.

Under “public police surveillance,” he was constantly persecuted for his political views and national beliefs. He repeatedly lost his job, endured searches, but continued to fight for the national cause.

From March 1917 V. Chekhovsky headed the Odessa Committee of the USDRP, in April of this year he represented the Odessa Ukrainian community at the All-Ukrainian National Congress in Kyiv, was a member of its presidium, and was elected to the Central Committee. In May, at the suggestion of the latter’s delegation, he was recommended to replace the position of assistant curator or district inspector of the Odessa School Council. For some time he headed the Odessa branch of the All-Ukrainian Teachers’ Union.

V. Chekhovsky had a great influence in the Odessa Ukrainian Steering Committee, which did much to convene the Kherson Provincial Ukrainian National Congress on June 28-30, 1917. He greeted the congress delegates on behalf of the Ukrainian Social Democrats of Odessa and the USDRP faction of the Central Committee. At the fifth session of the Central Committee (June 21, 1917) he reported on the decision of the Ukrainian Social Democrats of Odessa to seek from the Provisional Government to determine its attitude to the autonomy of the peoples.

In the summer of 1917, V. Chekhovsky was elected a member of the Odessa City Duma from Ukrainian parties. For some time he headed the Kherson Provincial Council of United Public Organizations, and in October-November 1917 – the Odessa Revolutionary Committee. In November, the Central Committee appointed him political commissar of the city and at the same time instructed him to act as the provincial commissioner of education of the Kherson region.

At the end of 1917, V. Chekhovsky began active political activity in Kyiv. After the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in early 1918, V. Chekhov sharply condemned the policy of the Central Committee, especially its decision to invite the Austro-German army to Ukraine. For this, the Socialist-Federalist newspaper Nova Rada even accused him of betraying national interests. However, he was still elected a member of the Central Committee of the USDRP, and on April 13, 1918, the RNM of the Ukrainian People’s Republic approved him as director of the Department of Confessions with the rights of a fellow minister.

During P. Skoropadsky’s rule, V. Chekhivsky settled in Kyiv, worked in the Ministry of Confessions and Church Policy, but did not leave the party work: he collaborated with the USDRP “Robitnycha Gazeta” and wrote journalistic articles and investigations on socio-economic issues.

In the process of preparing for the anti-Hetman uprising, he became an active member of the Ukrainian National Union and joined the Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee. On the night of November 13-14, 1918, he organized a demonstration against the Hetman’s government in Kyiv. On the evening of December 14, before the arrival of the Directory formations in the city, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee headed by V. Chekhovsky, appointed a temporary body of power, the Council of Commissioners. On December 15, 1918, the population was informed that “by the will of the people, the Ukrainian People’s Republic is being restored. Power in the city passes to the people’s government of the Republican Directory.”

After arriving in Kyiv on December 19, 1918, the Directorate, at a joint meeting with ministers, heads of ministries and commissioners of ministries, declared itself the supreme power in the UPR on December 24, promulgating the relevant Declaration. At the same time, the RNM was approved, and the Ukrainian Social Democrat V. Chekhivsky was appointed its chairman. But he failed to form a team of like-minded people.

The government was formed by a much more moderate M. Shapoval. The government included 6 members of the USDRP, 5 members of the USSR, 2 members of the Ukrainian Socialist Party, 3 members of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and 2 non-party members who cooperated with the Ukrainian Independent Socialists. The ethnic composition of the government was Ukrainian, except for the Minister of Jewish Affairs. I. Mazepa later characterizes it as a large coalition of Ukrainian forces.

V. Chekhovsky had to start his activity in a difficult situation, because from December 28, 1918, the Provisional Workers ‘and Peasants’ Government coexisted.

Realizing the importance of resolving the question of the form of government as soon as possible, V. Chekhovsky at the second meeting of the government on December 26, 1918 focused on drafting instructions for elections to the Congress of the Working People, the draft of which was approved by the UPR on January 3, 1919. The Government considered the Interim Bill on the Force of Laws, the Procedure for Making Laws and Promulgating them, and on December 29, at a joint meeting of the Directory and the RNM, the issue of division of functions among the members of the Directory was discussed. But the formation of the power structure and the legislative approval of the powers of each of its branches lasted, in fact, throughout 1919.

Among the priority measures of V. Chekhivsky’s government a significant place was occupied by the abolition of laws and orders of the time of the hetmanate, including the abolition of the State Guard and the dismissal of government officials then recruited. At the end of the first week of V. Chekhovsky’s government on December 30, 1918, the RNM implemented the Directory’s proposal to develop a land law, and on January 5, 1919, a bill submitted by the Ministry of Land Affairs was considered. (Approved by the Directory on January 8).

Decisions of state importance include the https://123helpme.me/write-my-lab-report/ decision of the RNM of January 18, 1919 to establish January 22 as the day of the celebration of the accession of Galicia to the Dnieper Ukraine. On January 21, 1919, V. Chekhovsky’s government heard an act of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic on unification with the Ukrainian People’s Republic and approved this initiative.

At all stages of social and political activity, V. Chekhivsky attached great importance to the preservation and development of the national culture of the Ukrainian people. It is no coincidence that the government headed by him at the end of 1918 considered the issue of maintaining the staff of universities, the staff of the State Academy of Arts. On January 1, 1919, the RNM approved and the Directorate approved the “Law on the State Language of the Ukrainian People’s Republic” signed personally by the Prime Minister.

On the same day, a law on the supreme government of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, drafted on his initiative, appeared. On January 8, 1919, the RNM, on the report of V. Chekhovsky, passed a bill on the establishment of the National Library of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, and on January 17, on the establishment of the Main Book Chamber in Kyiv.

Meanwhile, the position of the UPR in January 1919 was severely affected by the deepening of contradictions within the Ukrainian national camp, primarily due to uncertainty about the form of government: the restoration of the Central Committee, the convening of the All-Ukrainian Constituent Assembly , or, finally, Soviet power?